Components of I.C. Engine
An I.C. engine have following componentes -
1- Cylinder
2- Piston
3- Crank
4- Crankshaft
5- Connecting rod
6- Spark plug
7- Inlet and Exhaust valves
8- Crank pin
9- Gudgeon pin
10- Cylinder head
11- Piston ring
12- Intake manifold
13- Exhaust manifold
14- Carburettor
1- Cylinder :- It is main body of an I.C. engine in which piston reciprocates to develop power . It has to withstand very high pressures to withstand very high pressures ( up to 75 bar ) and temperature ( up to 2400 C ) because the combustion take place in the cylinder . It may be air cooled or water cooled . It is generally made of cast iron or alloy steel .It is made by casting process .
2-Piston :- It is used to compress the air - fuel mixture during compression stroke and to transmit the gas force to the connecting rod and then crank during power stroke . Generally it is made of cast iron and aluminum . It is made by casting and forging process .
3- Crank :- It is the rigid member which connecting with the crankshaft and connecting rod . Crank is mounted on crankshaft . Crank transfers motion from connecting rod to crankshaft as it is linked to connecting rod through crank pin . It is generally made of aluminum alloy , steel , cast iron . It is made by casting process .
4- Crankshaft :- Crankshaft is the backbone of the engine , crankshaft is supported in main bearings and it has a heavy wheel called as flywheel to control the fluctuation of torque . Crankshaft is manufactured by forging process from alloy steel , iron .
5- Connecting rod :- It is a rod of circular or rectangular cross section . It's small end is connected to the piston and big end is connected to the crank . It converts reciprocating motions of piston into rotary motion of crankshaft . Connecting rod is manufactured by forging from steel .
6- Spark plug :- It is the external ignitor used tor initiating combustion process . Spark plug is activated by electrical energy fed by electrical system with engine .
7- Inlet & Exhaust valve :- Inlet valve controls the admission of the charge during suction stroke and exhaust valve is used for the removal of exhaust gases after doing work on piston .
8- Crank pin :- Crank pin is used to connect big end of connecting rod to the crank .
9- Gudgeon pin :- Gudgeon pin is used to connect small end of connecting rod to the piston . It is manufactured by forging from steel .
10- Cylinder head :- It is used for closing the one end of the cylinder . It houses inlet and exhaust valves through which charge is taken inside the cylinder and burned gases are exhausted to the atmosphere from the cylinder . It is made of cast iron , aluminium alloy by casting & forming .
11- Piston rings :- Piston rings are housed in the circumferential grooves provided on the outer surface of the piston . It gives tight fit between the piston and cylinder hence prevents the leakage of high pressure gases. It is made of silver cast iron by casting process.
12- Intake manifold :- Intake manifold is carries the charge (fuel) from carburettor to the piston .
13- Exhaust manifold :- Exhaust manifold is the passage which carries the exhaust value to the atmosphere.
14- Carburettor :- Carburettor is a device which is used to supply the uniform air fuel mixture in a ratio to the cylinder of petrol engine through the intake manifold . It is controlled by a throttle valve .
Terminology Used In I.C. Engine
Following basic terminology are used in internal combustion engine -
1- Bore :- The inner diameter of the cylinder is known as bore . It is denoted by 'D' or 'd'.
2- Stroke :- The maximum distance travelled by the piston in the cylinder in one direction is called stroke . It is generally twice of the radius of crank and represented by 'L'.
3- Top Dead Center ( TDC ) :- TDC is the extreme ( maximum ) position of the piston at the top of the cylinder from crankshaft . For horizontal engine it is known as Outer Dead Center ( ODC ).
4- Bottom Dead Center ( BDC ) :- The closed ( minimum) position of the piston at the bottom of the cylinder is known as BDC. For horizontal engine it is called as inner dead center(TDC).
5- Clearance Volume :- The volume which contained in the cylinder above the top of the piston when it is at TDC , is called clearance volume and denoted by 'Vc'.
6- Swept volume :- The volume which swept by the piston in moving between TDC and BDC is called swept volume . It is denoted by 'Vs' . It is also called stroke volume or displacement volume .
mathematically -
7- Compression Ratio :- The ratio of the total cylinder volume when piston is at BDC to the clearance volume is known as compression ratio 'r'.
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